1-Deoxynojirimycin from Bacillus subtilis improves antioxidant and antibacterial activities of juvenile Yoshitomi tilapia

Background: Juvenile Yoshitomi tilapia is often infected by pathogens and results in low-level survival rate. Bacillus subtilis, as a probiotic, may have beneficial effects on Y. tilapia with compound 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ), which has antibacterial activities. The effects of dietary probiotic supplementation on Y. tilapias were evaluated. Results: Juvenile Y. tilapia was fed with B. subtilis for 56 d. Y. tilapia was infected by Aeromonas hydrophila and survival rate was compared. Dietary B. subtilis increased weight gain rate, specific growth, food conversion ratios and food intake rate of Y. tilapia. The diet improved the cumulative survival rate (CSR) of juvenile Y. tilapia when the concentration of B. subtilis was more than 2.05 × 1010 cfu/kg and CSR reached a maximum rate when the concentration of bacillus was 4.23 × 1010 (P b 0.05). Meanwhile, B. subtilis improved total antioxidant capacity (TAC), spleen index, the activities of serum lysozyme, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) (P b 0.05). In contrast, B. subtilis reduced serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), malondialdehyde (MDA) and C3 complement (P b 0.05). DNJ was isolated from secondary metabolisms and proved to increase the levels of SOD, CAT and reduce the levels of AST, ALT and MDA at cell levels. After A. hydrophila infection, DNJ prevented the reduction in survival rate of Y. tilapia (P b 0.05). Conclusions: 1-Deoxynojirimycin from Bacillus subtilis can be used to improve the growth performance of juvenile Y. tilapia by affecting its antioxidant and antibacterial activities.

Episiotomy healing assessment: Redness, Oedema, Ecchymosis, Discharge, Approximation (REEDA) scale reliability / Avaliação da cicatrização da episiotomia: confiabilidade da escala REEDA (Redness, Oedema, Ecchymosis, Discharge, Approximation) / Evaluación de la curación de episiotomía: confiabilidad de la escala de Enrojecimiento, Edema, Equimosis, Drenaje, Aproximación (REEDA)

OBJECTIVE: to analyse the Redness, Oedema, Ecchymosis, Discharge, Approximation (REEDA) scale reliability when evaluating perineal healing after a normal delivery with a right mediolateral episiotomy. METHOD: observational study based on data from a clinical trial conducted with 54 randomly selected women, who had their perineal healing assessed at four time points, from 6 hours to 10 days after delivery, by nurses trained in the use of this scale. The kappa coefficient was used in the reliability analysis of the REEDA scale. RESULTS: the results indicate good agreement in the evaluation of the discharge item (0.75< Kappa ≥0.88), marginal and good agreement in the first three assessments of oedema (0.16< Kappa ≥0.46), marginal agreement in the evaluation of ecchymosis (0.25< Kappa ≥0.42) and good agreement regarding redness (0.46< Kappa ≥0.66). For the item coaptation, the agreement decreased from excellent in the first assessment to good in the last assessment. In the fourth evaluation, the assessment of all items displayed excellent or good agreement among the evaluators. CONCLUSION: the difference in the scores among the evaluators when applying the scale indicates that this tool must be improved to allow an accurate assessment of the episiotomy healing process. .

OBJETIVO: analisar a confiabilidade da escala REEDA (Redness, Oedema, Ecchymosis, Discharge, Approximation) para avaliar a cicatrização do períneo após parto vaginal com episiotomia médio-lateral direita. MÉTODO: estudo observacional, baseado em dados coletados em ensaio clínico, conduzido com 54 mulheres, selecionadas aleatoriamente. As mesmas tiveram o processo de cicatrização perineal avaliado em quatro momentos (de 6 horas a 10 dias após o parto), por enfermeiras treinadas para o uso da escala. O coeficiente kappa foi usado para análise de confiabilidade da escala REEDA. RESULTADOS: os resultados indicam bom nível de concordância na avaliação do item secreção (0,75< Kappa ≥0,88), concordância boa e marginal em relação ao item equimose (0,25< Kappa ≥0,42), e bom nível de concordância em relação à hiperemia (0,46< Kappa ≥0,66). O nível de concordância referente à avaliação do item coaptação diminuiu de excelente, na primeira avaliação, para bom, na última avaliação. CONCLUSÃO: a diferença entre as pontuações atribuídas pelas avaliadoras na aplicação da escala indica que o instrumento precisa ser melhorado, para permitir avaliações mais precisas do processo de cicatrização da episiotomia. .

OBJETIVO: analizar la confiabilidad de la escala de Enrojecimiento, Edema, Equimosis, Drenaje, Aproximación (REEDA) en la evaluación de la curación perineal tras parto normal con episiotomía mediolateral derecha. MÉTODO: estudio observacional con base en datos de un ensayo clínico conducido con 54 mujeres elegidas de forma aleatoria, con evaluación de su curación perineal en cuatro momentos, entre 6 horas y 10 días después del parto, por enfermeras capacitadas en el uso de esta escala. El coeficiente de kappa fue utilizado en el análisis de confiabilidad de la escala REEDA. RESULTADOS: los resultados indican buena concordancia en la evaluación del ítem drenaje (0,75< Kappa ≥0,88), concordancia marginal y buena en las primeras tres evaluaciones de edema (0,16< Kappa ≥0,46), concordancia marginal en la evaluación de equimosis (0,25< Kappa ≥0,42) y buena concordancia sobre enrojecimiento (0,46< Kappa ≥0,66). Para el ítem coaptación, la concordancia disminuyó de excelente en la primera evaluación hasta buena en la última. En el cuarto momento, la evaluación de todos los ítems mostró concordancia excelente o buena entre los evaluadores. CONCLUSIÓN: la diferencia en las notas entre los evaluadores en la aplicación de la escala indica que esta herramienta debe ser mejorada para permitir una evaluación correcta del proceso de curación de la episiotomía. .

Adição de lisina digestível em rações experimentais para juvenis de tilápia-do-nilo / Addition of lysine in experimental diets for Nile tilapia juveniles

Objetivou-se por meio deste estudo determinar a necessidade nutricional de lisina digestível em rações para juvenis de tilápia-do-nilo (Oreochromis niloticus). Setecentos e vinte peixes masculinizados (7,30±0,11g) foram alimentados durante 30 dias com oito rações (26,81% de proteína digestível e 3090kcal/kg de energia digestível da ração) contendo teores crescentes de lisina digestível (1,24; 1,36; 1,48; 1,60; 1,72; 1,84; 1,96 e 2,08%). As tilápias foram distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com oito tratamentos, seis repetições e 15 peixes por unidade experimental. Foram avaliadas variáveis de desempenho (ganho de peso, taxa de crescimento específico, taxa de sobrevivência, consumo de ração, consumo de lisina digestível, conversão alimentar aparente, eficiência proteica para ganho, eficiência de lisina para ganho e eficiência de retenção de nitrogênio) e de composição corporal (teores de umidade, gordura, proteína, matéria mineral corporal e as taxas de deposição diária de proteína e gordura corporais). A elevação do teor de lisina digestível na ração não influenciou (P>0,05) o consumo de ração, a taxa de sobrevivência e os teores de umidade e de matéria mineral corporal, mas melhorou de forma quadrática (P<0,05) os demais parâmetros avaliados, com exceção do consumo de lisina e da eficiência de lisina para ganho, que aumentou e reduziu, respectivamente, de forma linear (P<0,05). Recomenda-se que rações para juvenis de tilápia-do-nilo devam conter 1,84% de lisina digestível para máximo ganho de peso...

The aim of this study was to determine the nutritional need of lysine in diets for juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Seven hundred and twenty masculinized fish (7.30±0.11g) were fed for 30 days with eight diets (26.81% of digestible protein and 3090 kcal/kg digestible energy of feed) containing increasing levels of lysine (1.24, 1.36, 1.48, 1.60, 1.72, 1.84, 1.96 and 2.08%). The tilapia were distributed in a completely randomized design with eight treatments and six replicates of 15 fish per experimental unit. We evaluated the performance variables (weight gain, specific growth rate, survival rate, feed intake, digestible lysine intake, feed conversion, protein efficiency for gain, efficiency of lysine for gain and efficiency of retention nitrogen) and body composition (moisture, fat, protein, ash body and deposition rates of daily protein and fat). The high levels of dietary lysine did not affect (P>0.05) feed intake, the survival rate and the moisture and ash body, but improved (P<0.05) other parameters, except for lysine intake and efficiency of lysine for gain, which increased and decreased, respectively, linearly (P<0.05). It is recommended that diets for juvenile Nile tilapia should contain 1.84% digestible lysine for maximum weight gain...

Effect of long-term treatment of insulin on growth perfomance, lipid metabolism and electrolye in tilapia fiorida

Forty Fish, Tilapia florida. were injected with insulin [20 IU/Kg body weight] for different periods. Single dose for 24h and repeated doses [dose every 48 h for 30, 45 and 55 days] were used in this experiment. Body gain, condition factor [CF], hepatosomatic index [HSI] and gut weight were calculated. Levels of total lipids, triglycerides and cholesterol were determined in serum, liver and myotomal muscle. Also, sodium and potassium levels were estimated in both serum and muscle but inorganic phosphorus was determined only in serum. Insulin injection increased significantly body gain [P<0.05] and gut weight [P<0.01]. While hepatosomatic index was significantly decreased [P<0.01] in insulin treated group at 30 and 45 days of the experimental periods. The prolonged administration of insulin in Tilapia florida showed a continued effect on the stimulation of lipogenic in the myotomal muscle as well as in the liver triglycerides synthesis. The lowering effect of insulin on liver content of triglycerides but not in the serum. So, it has been suggested that insulin might promote the triglyceride synthesis in liver to be removed as rapidly as synthesized to lipid stores in the body. The increasing effect of insulin on serum and muscle potassium level probably reflect role of such hormone in osmoregulation in this fish

Digestibilidad aparente de ingredientes de uso comúnen la fabricación de raciones balanceadas para tilapiaroja híbrida (Oreochromis sp. ) / Digestibilidade aparente de ingredientes de uso comum na fabricação de dietasbalanceadas para tilápia vermelha hibrida (Oreochromis sp. ) / Apparent digestibility of feed ingredients of common use in the balanced diets for tilapia red hybrid (Oreochromis sp.)

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar los coeficientes de digestibilidad aparente (CDA) de materiaseca (MS), proteína bruta (P) y energía bruta (E) para la tilapia roja hibrida (Oreochromis sp.) de harinasde pescado (HP), carne y huesos (HCH) sangre (HS), gluten de maíz (GluM), soya integral (SI), tortasde soya (TS), girasol (TG) y palmiste (TP), mezcla forrajera de maíz (MFM), trigo de tercera (HTT), trigoduro (HTD), arroz (HA), maíz amarillo (HMA), germen de maíz (GerM) y yuca integral (HYI). Fueronutilizados 540 ejemplares adultos revertidos sexualmente (peso medio 270 gramos) acondicionados en trestanques de alimentación de 30 m2 y nueve tanques de fondo cónico de 200 L para colecta de heces. LosCDA de los ingredientes fueron calculados por el método indirecto, utilizando óxido de cromo al 0.5% comomarcador. Como ración base se utilizó una dieta semipurificada y 15 dietas experimentales fabricadas conextrusora, cada una con 30% de la MP a analizar. Los CDA-MS fueron muy variables con valores desde34.7 y 42.2 % para TG y TP hasta 90.7 y 95.8 para TS y HCH respectivamente. La digestibilidad de laproteína fue alta para la mayor parte de los ingredientes investigados (superiores a 80%) con excepciónde la HS con 74.6%, el GerM con 77.6 y la HA con 79.3%. La digestibilidad de la energía fue alta en los ingredientes de origen animal y menor de 80% en la mayoría de las MP vegetales, con excepción del GluM(80.4%), la SI (82.1%) y la HYI (82.3%).

This study was carried out to determine the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of dry mater (DM),crude protein (CP) and gross energy (GE) in various feed ingredients for hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis sp.)including fish meal (HP), meat and bone meal (HCH), blood meal (HS), corn gluten meal (GluM), soybeanmeal (HS), full-fat soybean (SI), sunflower meal (TG), palm kernel meal (TP), mix forage of corn (MFM),wheat meal (HTT), wheat grain (HTD), rice flour (HA), corn flour (HMA), germ of corn (GerM) and maniocflour (MF). 540 sexually reverts (average weight 270 g) were assigned to three 30 m2 feeding tanks and nine200-L cylindrical tanks with conical bottom, for feces collection. CDA analysis was performed by de indirectmethod, using 0.5% chromic oxide (Cr2O3) as marker. A semipurified diet was used as the reference diet.15 experimental extruded diets were made, with 30% of the analyzed feed ingredient (MP). The CDA-DMvaried widely from 34.7 and 42.2 % for TG and TP up to 90.7 and 95.8 for TS and HCH, respectively. Theprotein digestibility was high for most of the studied ingredients (higher than 80 %) except for HS with 74.6%, GerM with 77.6 and HA with 79.3 %. The energy digestibility was high in the ingredients of animal originand lower than 80 % in most of the vegetable MP, except for GluM (80.4 %), SI (82.1 %) and HYI (82.3 %).

O Objetivo deste estudo foi determinar os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) da matériaseca (MS), proteína bruta (P) e energia bruta (E) pela tilápia vermelha hibrida (Oreochromis sp.) dafarinhas de peixe (HP), de carne e ossos (HCH), de sangue (HS), glúten de milho (GluM), soja integral(SI), farelos de soja (TS), girassol (TG) palmiste (TP), mistura forrageira de milho (MFM), farinhas detrigo de terceira (HTT), de trigo duro (HTD), de arroz (HA), de milho amarelo (HMA), gérmen de milho(GerM) e mandioca integral (HYI). Foram utilizados 540 peixes adultos revertidos sexualmente (pesomédio 270 g) acondicionados em três tanques de alimentação de 30 m2 e nove tanques com fundo cônicode 200 L para coleta de fezes. Os CDA dos ingredientes foram calculados pelo método indireto, utilizandoóxido crômico 0.5% como indicador. Como ração base foi utilizada uma dieta referência semipurificadae 15 dietas experimentais fabricadas com uso de extrusora, com 30% da MP a analisar. Os CDA-MSforam muito variáveis com valores desde 34.7 e 42.2 % para TG y TP até 90.7 e 95.8 para TS e HCHrespectivamente. A digestibilidade da proteína foi alta para a maior parte dos ingredientes pesquisados(maiores a 80%) com exceção da HS com 74.6%, o GerM com 77.6 e a HA com 79.3%. A digestibilidadeda energia foi alta nos ingredientes de origem animal e menor de 80% na maioria das MP vegetais, comexceção do GluM (80.4%), a SI (82.1%) e a HYI (82.3%).

Ácido delta aminolevulínico desidratase (ALAD) de Tilápia (Oreochromis niloticus) no monitoramento do chumbo no ambiente aquático / Delta aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in the monitoring of lead in the aquatic environment

O chumbo é um metal com características físico-químicas largamente empregadas na indústria levando à sua grande dispersão no ambiente. O chumbo causa alguns efeitos hematológicos na biogênese do radical Heme da hemoglobina inibindo a enzima delta aminolevulínico desidratase (ALAD; EC 2.4.1.24). O objetivo desse estudo é avaliar o potencial da tilápia (Oreochromis niloticus), que resiste a muitas condições adversas e está sendo extensamente cultivada para monitorar o chumbo em ambiente aquático usando ALAD como biomarcador. Machos de tilápia pesando ao redor de 200g foram obtidos de um criador comercial e até três peixes foram aclimatados em tanques de plástico contendo 40L de água filtrada por celulose e carvão ativado sob aeração constante. Os peixes foram anestesiados com eugenol e injetados através do peritônio com doses de 1, 10 e 100mg de acetato de chumbo por kg de peixe. Depois de 24 horas, os peixes foram anestesiados com eugenol e o sangue foi coletado por punção da veia caudal e o fígado foi coletado depois do sacrifício por secção da espinha dorsal. A atividade de ALAD foi determinada no sangue e em homogeneizados de fígado pelo de método de SAKAI (Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 68(2):126-32, 1996) sem usar DTT, que não reativa a ALAD de tilápia (...)

Effets of the herbicide gallant and mercury on liver function of Tilapia zilli

Herbicides are highly toxic for both human and animal health. The increased application of herbicides in agriculture during the last decades has resulted in the contamination of both soil and water. Also do heavy metals, which represent one of the most important group of pollutants produced as a result of many industrial activities which can find their way easily to the normal aquatic environments, disturbing and damaging the existing organisms. Fishes of the species Tilapia zillii were exposed to sublethal concentration of herbicide Gallant [haloxyfop-ethopxy ethanol ester] [3 mg/L], mercury as mercuric chloride [6 mg/L] and a combined dose of herbicide [1.5 mg/L] and mercury [3 mg/L] for 96 hrs., in aquaria under controlled laboratory conditions. A comparative physiological study was carried out to test the toxicological effects of these pollutants on glutamic pyruvic transaminase [GPT], glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase [GOT] activities and hepatosomatic index of liver. A progressive decrease in enzyme activity as well as total protein content of liver were observed, while hepatosomatic index showed a slight insignificant increase

Alpha1 and alpha2 adrenoceptor mediated melanosome aggregatory responses in vitro in Oreochromis mossambica (Peters) melanophores.

Effects of specific and non-specific adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists were examined on the isolated scale melanophores of O. mossambica in physiological Ringer solution. The responses were recorded as melanophore size index. It was observed that adrenaline, nor-adrenaline, phenylpropanolamine, clonidine and phenylepherine induced melanosome aggregation in a dose-dependent manner. Denervation of the fish melanophores increased the sensitivity of the melanophores to adrenaline but not to nor-adrenaline. Phentolamine (3.55 x 10(-5) M), prazosin (2.38 x 10(-5) M) and yohimbine (2.821 x 10(-5) M) significantly inhibited the aggregatory responses of the fish melanophores to adrenaline, nor-adrenaline, clonidine and phenylepherine. The blocking effect of yohimbine was significantly higher than that of prazosin. It is concluded that the effect of adrenaline is directly mediated through the receptors and alpha2 adrenoceptors are predominantly involved in the aggregatory responses of this fish melanophores, while alpha1 adrenoceptors presence has been indicated.

Calcium homeostasis in low and high calcium water acclimatized Oreochromis mossambicus exposed to ambient and dietary cadmium.

The effects of cadmium administered via ambient water (10 microg/l) or food (10 microgCd/fish/day) on plasma calcium, corpuscles of Stannius and bony tissues of Oreochromis mossambicus acclimated to low calcium (0.2 mM) and high calcium (0.8 mM) water were studied for 2, 4, 14 and 35 days. In low calcium water acclimated fish, ambient cadmium induced significant hypocalcemia, while the structure and morphometry of type-1 and type-2 cells of corpuscles of Stannius were not affected on day 2 and 4. Subsequently on day 14 and 35, recovery of plasma calcium to normal levels was observed followed by a decrease in corpuscles of Stannius index (CSI), cell size, volume of granular endoplasmic reticulum (p < 0.05) of type-1 cells in both, fish exposed to ambient or dietary cadmium. The type-2 cells were not affected. In high calcium water acclimated fish both, ambient and dietary cadmium caused a significant reduction of plasma calcium levels on day 2 and 4. In these fish, there was a significant transient increase in the size of corpuscles of Stannius on day 4, followed by recovery on day 14 and 35. Ultrastructural observations of corpuscles of Stannius revealed that cadmium did not cause any cellular damage on type- and type-2 cells during 35 days exposure. In low or high calcium water acclimatized tilapia exposed to ambient or dietary cadmium had no effect on the calcium and phosphate composition of the scales, operculum and vertebrae. Thus, it is unlikely that recovery of hypocalcemia was due to the dissolution of calcium from bony tissues. This study also revealed that cadmium does not mediate stimulation of the corpuscles of Stannius gland, and that high Ca2+ water had a protective effect against ambient and dietary cadmium.

Trace metal levels in the organs of finfish Oreochromis mossambicus (Peter) and relevant water of Jannapura lake, India.

Trace metal levels in the body organs of finfish, Oreochromis mossambicus (Peter) and relevant water was studied in Jannapura lake, located five kilometers from Bhadravathi town, Karnataka, India, during 2004-05. Lead, Copper and Cadmium accumulation was higher in muscles than in gills while, Zinc, Nickel and Cobalt accumulation was maximum in gills followed by muscles. The metals present in the highest concentration were in the order of Pb > Cu > Zn > Cd > Ni > Co in the water samples. The higher concentration of various metals in water and Pb, Ni in fish muscle and Ni in gill samples was probably due to the addition of untreated sewage, geological weathering and agricultural runoff from the surrounding areas. On the basis of results obtained, it is predicted that if the present situation of water pollution continues in future, survival of fish population and other aquatic animals will be extremely difficult.

Influence of insecticidal derivative (cartap hydrochloride) from the marine polycheate on certain enzyme systems of the fresh water fish Oreochromis mossambicus.

The activities of phosphatases and transaminases were studied in muscle and liver of the fresh water fish, Oreochromis mossambicus on exposure to different sublethal concentrations (0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1 mgl(-1)) of cartap hydrochloride (insecticidal derivative from marine polycheate) for 96 h. There was an overall decrease in phosphatases and transaminases activity in muscle and liver of the fish subjected to cartap hydrochloride.

Lysosomal stability in Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters) on exposure to surfactants.

The three commonly used surfactants viz. anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), cationic cetyl tri methyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) and non-ionic triton X-100 were toxic even at sub lethal levels (1 ppm for 30 days) to 0. mossambicus. Lysosomal stability index (LSI) was lowest in triton-exposed animals in vitro. In vivo, CTAB was the most toxic. SDS, the anionic surfactant was the least toxic. The possible role of surfactant structure, critical micellar concentration (CMC) and metabolism in influencing the toxicity is discussed and mechanism of action via membrane lipid peroxidation is suggested.

Surfactant-induced lipid peroxidation in a tropical euryhaline teleost Oreochromis mossambicus (Tilapia) adapted to fresh water.

Exposure to anionic (sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS), cationic (cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide CTAB) and non ionic (Triton X-100) surfactants at a sub lethal concentration of 1 ppm resulted in severe oxidative stress in the hepatic, renal and cardiac tissues of fresh water adapted Oreochromis mossambicus. Hepatic catalase showed significant increase (P<0.001) in all the surfactant exposed fish, but the renal enzyme was significantly increased only in CTAB dosed fish (P<0.001) and the cardiac enzyme showed significant increase in Triton (P<0.05) and CTAB dosed fish (P<0.001). SOD levels were significantly increased (P<0.001) in hepatic, renal and cardiac tissues of all the surfactant-treated fish. Glutathione reductase also was significantly increased (P<0.001) in the hepatic and renal tissues of surfactant dosed fish except cardiac tissues of CTAB exposed animals. Glutathione levels in the tissues studied were significantly higher in the surfactant treated animals (P<0.001) whereas malondialdehyde levels were significantly elevated only in the hepatic tissues of animals exposed to Triton (P<0.001). The surfactants based on their charge, antioxidant profile and in vivo metabolism may be arranged in the order of decreasing toxicity as CTAB > Triton > SDS. Thus it may be inferred from the present study that the antioxidant defenses and the in vivo metabolism of the surfactants are key factors in deciding the surfactant toxicity.

Interrelationship between amines level in brain regions of fish, Oreochromis mossambicus during organophosphorus stress.

Amines such as dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine were analysed in the brain regions of O.mossambicus exposed to quinalphos, phenthoate and their combination for 96 hr. The three types of treatments significantly (P < 0.05) altered the amines level at various intervals in the brain regions.